This week’s class focuses on the topic of “Textual Criticism” which is an academic field of study and method used by scholars to decipher the meaning of the original texts, or “autographs,” from ancient manuscripts. With a multitude of ancient manuscripts of the Bible, scholars have found many minor and a few somewhat major differences between them, but textual criticism allows scholars to eliminate the majority of those differences that are mostly in spelling, grammar, word insertions, or word deletions, so we can have confidence that what we are reading in our Bibles today is exactly what God had inspired in the originals!

In this week’s class we will also continue with our study in the Gospel of Matthew, chapters 21-24.

Each class includes prayer and reflection, an “apologetics” presentation, a review of last week’s Bible study, and a homework assignment. You will find the presentation notes, Bible study questions and additional resources below, and you can make comments or ask questions as well.

Watch this week’s class presentation on this topic:

Presentation Notes

A Case for the Gospels and A Study in the book of Matthew
Session 8: The Reliability of the Gospels – Textual Criticism

Prayer and Reflection

Prayer cards: Take a minute and write your name on the index card provided, and add any special prayer request you might have. Exchange cards at the end of the class this evening.

At your table groups, answer the following:

Go over the categories and the 27 books found in the New Testament.
Go over the 15 major historical events of the Bible – add in the major players and Covenants for those events.
Recite the Memory Verse:

Christian Apologetics Theme

15 But in your hearts revere Christ as Lord. Always be prepared to give an answer to everyone who asks you to give the reason for the hope that you have. But do this with gentleness and respect, 16 keeping a clear conscience, so that those who speak maliciously against your good behavior in Christ may be ashamed of their slander.

1 Peter 3:15-16 (NIV)

HOW DO WE KNOW THE GOSPELS ARE HISTORICALLY RELIABLE?

Multiple lines of evidence give us confidence in the reliability…

God’s Inspiration
The Fuses (cultural, spiritual and prophetic)
Eyewitness accounts (in multiple)
Transmission
Translation
Canonization
Textual Criticism (MAPS-S)

Note (in review):

The Canon of the Hebrew Bible is the same as the Protestant Old Testament, some books are just in a different order or grouping.
The Catholic and Orthodox Bibles differ from the Protestant Bible by having extra Old Testament books they added later on, but were not in the original affirmed canon of the 4th Century AD.
Extra books are often referred to as apocrypha or deuterocanonical, or pseudepigrapha books

What About those extra books?

Definition of terms

Apocrypha: Hidden; of doubtful authenticity
Deuterocanonical: Of, or constituting a second or subsequent canon; specif., designating certain Biblical books accepted as canonical in the Roman Catholic Church. The books of the Old Testament which are part of the canon of Scripture of a given church but which are not found in the Hebrew Bible.

Usage note: The term Deuterocanon implies to some that the works therein ought to be included in the Bible, whereas use of the term Apocrypha implies to some that the same works ought to be excluded from the Bible.

Pseudepigrapha: The term comes from the Greek pseudo, meaning “false,” and epigraphein, meaning “to inscribe,” thus, “to write falsely. These are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past.
Gnostic Gospels: The Gnostic gospels are writings by early “Christian” Gnostics. Gnosis means knowledge and Gnosticism fosters the conviction that matter is evil and that emancipation (being set free) comes through special knowledge and runs contrary to almost every Christian Doctrine.

Why were these books left out?

First of all, there are no inspired books that were left out otherwise it would not be Christianity as passed down from the beginning!
Classic Christianity is based on the teachings of the 66 books of the Christian Bible, and the canonization process confirmed this.
Other books that skeptics have said were “left out” teach something completely different than what we get in our Bible!

What are some of those other books?

Apocryphal Literature

The Apocrypha: (means hidden or doubtful)

The Catholic Bible today contains eleven of these books in their deuterocanonical (secondary canon) section between the Old and New Testament.
They were never accepted by early Christianity nor by the Jewish faith.
These books do contain some valuable historical information useful in understanding the intertestamental period (c. 250-60 BC), but have never been considered inspired writings.
They were included in the Latin Vulgate (AD 382) in part to defend some of the teachings of the Catholic Church (such as purgatory).

The Apocrypha…

does not claim to be inspired by God
was not written by prophets of God (1 Mac. 9:27)
was not confirmed by supernatural acts of God (Heb. 2:3-4)
was not accepted by the people of God (Judaism) and they were never included in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament)
does not always tell the truth of God, for example: On praying for the dead (2 Mac. 12:46); on working for salvation (Tobit 12:9)
was not accepted by Jesus the Son of God (Lk. 24:27)
was not accepted by the Apostles (who never quoted it)
was not accepted by the early Church and was never part of the Protestant New Testament
was rejected by the great Catholic translator Jerome
was not written during period of the prophets of God
contain some absurdities and inconsistencies with the accepted Biblical Canon

Gnostic Literature

Gnosticism came out of Greek philosophy and held a belief that one could gain “secret knowledge” of God through certain practices.
Gnostic literature includes ‘secret’ gospels, poems and myths attributing to Jesus’ sayings and beliefs which are very different from the New Testament Gospels.
There was an attempt to assimilate Gnosticism with early Christianity.
There are over 300 writings from Gnostic literature in antiquity.

Gnostic gospels

In addition to the same reasons for the Apocrypha, Christians reject these because…

Gnostic literature, and so-called gospels, were written well into the second through forth centuries AD/CE by authors who were not primary eyewitnesses of the events, and who falsely took the names of many of the apostles and disciples (for example, the gospels of Thomas, Phillip and Mary).
The early Church leaders unanimously rejected them.
Gnostic writings have no basis in primary evidence, cross-references to other Scripture, or confirmation from the first and second century Churches.
The dating of the book is the key for recognizing legitimate historical literature, and these are written way too late to be legitimate primary accounts.
Gnostic literature contains absurdities and inconsistencies with the early beliefs of the apostles and disciples of Jesus
Gnostic literature does not reflect a first century Palestinian Jesus but rather an esoteric or Hellenistic Jesus
The Gnostic gospels contain false doctrines and heresies (Gnosticism, Ascetisicm, Docetism, Modalism, etc.) that are inconsistent with the doctrinal essentials of classic Christianity
The Gnostic heretic Marcion, c. AD 140, was the first to promote these Gnostic writings in the Christian community because he was anti-Jewish and rejected all books written by Jews
The books of the Christian Bible today are the same ones used by the earliest disciples of Christ and therefore any other so called “missing” book would not be part of the classical Christian faith anyway.

Key points:

The 27 books of the New Testament were the same ones already in use by Christians since the first century AD/CE—it was not simply a decision by a few people or a single council.
The 39 Old testament books are the ones affirmed by the Jewish faith before the time of Jesus.

What is Textual Criticism?

Textual criticism = A method used by scholars to decipher the meaning of the original texts, or “autographs,” from the manuscripts
With a multitude of available ancient manuscripts of the Bible, scholars have found many minor and a few somewhat major differences between them
Textual criticism allows scholars to eliminate the majority of these differences that are mostly in spelling, grammar, word insertions, or word deletions
The science of textual criticism has given us 100% certainty that what we have in our Bibles today is the original vox (meaning)
There is over 98% certainty for the Old Testament and 99.5% for the New Testament in verba (words)

Examples of Textual Criticism research:

Works of antiquity	Date written	Date of earliest available copy	Number of years from the events	Number of available manuscripts and fragments
Aristotle’s work in philosophy	384-322 BC/BCE	AD/CE 850	1200-year gap	1000
Plato’s work in philosophy—“Tetralogies”	427-347 BC/BCE	AD/CE 900	1200-year gap	210
Pliny the Younger’s work in history—“Letters”	c. AD/CE 100	AD/CE 850	750-year gap	7 (unconfirmed)
Pliny the Elder’s work in history—“Natural History”	AD/CE 23-79	AD/CE 1000	900-year gap	200
Herodotus’ work in the “Histories” (Greco-Persian Wars)	480-425 BC/BCE	AD/CE 900	1350-year gap	109
Caesar’s firsthand account in history of the “Gallic Wars”	44-10 BC/BCE	AD/CE 1000	900-year gap	251
Tacitus’ Greek history—“Annals”	AD/CE 100	AD/CE 850	750-year gap	33
Thucydides’ work in history—“History of the Peloponnesian War”	460-400 BC/BCE	AD/CE 900	1300-year gap	50
Sophocles’ work in history—“Tragedies”	496-406 BC/BCE	AD/CE 900	1200-year gap	193
Livy’s work in history—“History of Rome”	59 BC/BCE to AD/CE 17	AD/CE 400	400-year gap	150
Demosthenes work in history—“Speeches”	300 BC/BCE	AD/CE 1100	1400-year gap	340
*2^ND Place overall:*Homer’s work in history—“Illiad, the history of the Trojan War”	800 BC/BCE	400 BC/BCE	400-year gap	1757
*1^st PLACE OVERALL:* The Bible’s New Testament	AD/CE 40-75	AD/CE 117 (and a Mark fragment from within the first century)	25–150-year gap (new discoveries may be even closer)	*Over 25,000

*The number of New Testament manuscripts include:

5795 Greek Manuscripts (dated first century and on)
Over 7974 manuscripts in other languages (Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, Ethiopian, Syriac, Georgian and Slavic) dated early second century and on
Over 10,000 manuscripts in the Latin Vulgate dated from the third century and on

Are There Errors in the Manuscripts?

“The number of manuscripts of the New Testament, of early translations from it, and of quotations from it in the oldest writers of the Church, is so large that it is practically certain that the true reading of every doubtful passage is preserved in some one or the other of these ancient authorities. This can be said of no other book in the world.”

– Sir Frederick Kenyon, Archeologist, “Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts”

Out of all of the known manuscripts there is only a 2% error rate
When literary scholars looked at these so-called errors (2%) they found only the following:

Variations in the texts stem from differences in spelling, word order or the relationship between noun and definite articles—slight variants that are easily recognizable.

After factoring out the minor spelling errors and light variations in word order, there is more than 5% agreement between all of the known manuscripts of the Bible.
Of the remaining variants (0.5%) none affects any crucial element or teaching of the Christian faith.

MAPS-S

Manuscripts: Historical literary facts, transmission, canonization, translation, textual criticism, and eyewitness accounts from both Christian and non-Christian sources
Archeology: Physical evidence from uncovered, geographically confirmed locations and artifacts; and historical records of people, places, and events that corroborate Biblical accounts
Prophecy: Predicted verifiable outcomes of historical events and Messianic prophecy fulfilled in Jesus
Scientific: Biblical authenticity confirmed in areas of medicine, nutrition, cosmology and biochemistry
Saved lives: Personal testimonies over the centuries of drastically changed lives (for the better) because of Biblical Christianity

Going Deeper

Video: J. Warner Wallace on Textual Criticism

Quick Shot Review – Gospel of Matthew
chapters 17 through 20
A few points from last week…

1. Class review

– answers will vary

2. “The transfiguration was a vision, a brief glimpse of the true glory of the King. This was a special revelation of Jesus’ divinity to three of the disciples, and it was God’s divine affirmation of everything Jesus had done and was about to do.”

“Moses and Elijah were the two greatest prophets in the Old Testament. Moses represents the law, or old covenant. He wrote the Torah and predicted the coming a great prophet. Elijah represents the prophets who foretold the coming of the Messiah. Moses and Elijah’s presence with Jesus confirmed Jesus’ Messianic mission—to fulfill God’s law and the words of God’s prophets. “
“Just God’s voice in the cloud over Mount Sinai gave authority to his law, so Gods voice at the transfiguration gave authority to Jesus words.”

In reference to His disciples not being able to drive out a certain demon, after the “Transfiguration,” Jesus told them privately that it was because of their little faith. According to the LASB: “Jesus’ purpose was not to criticize the disciples, but to encourage them to greater faith, understanding that it was not faith in their own ability, but in God’s power. There is great power in even a little faith when God is with us, and Jesus was also trying to show them how important their faith would be in their future ministry.”

Jesus said woe to a person who causes one of these little ones (or new believers) to stumble (or sin). As Christians we are called to be light and leaders for young people and new believers. We should never be the source of temptation or stumbling and if we are we should fear our fate as spoken of by Jesus.
True Christians will not be actively drawing people to sin, or causing one to stumble, and we should always check our motives and actions if in leadership roles.
Concerning the parable of the “Lost Sheep,” as Christians we should always be concerned about a person, or persons, who seem to be left out, or have wandered away. Lost sheep implies a believer who has backslidden or fallen away, and it would be our job, if we are modeling Jesus, to go after them and help them in any capacity we might have. Sometimes just letting them know that we care, or that we see them and their struggle as Jesus would might be enough to bring them back into the flock.
Concerning a believer (brother) who wrongs us Jesus says to act in the following order: 1) confront them privately; 2) if they do not listen then include two or more other believers as witnesses; 3) if they do not listen then take them before the church members; 4) if they still do not listen, they are to be removed from the congregation. All of this is to show mercy in an attempt to make a correction, otherwise like leaven, sin in the church will spread.

The next parable has to do with repentance, because if a brother is repentant then we are to always forgive – thus Jesus saying not seven times, but seventy times seven, implies – always forgive. Note: This does not mean that we are to continue to suffer abuse in a relationship, or accept a crime committed (we may need to leave that relationship or environment), but we, like Jesus can forgive and they can then move on (as Jesus would say, go and sin no more).

3. Jesus said: “whoever humbles himself as a child, he is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.” Jesus was teaching that as His followers we need to be like little children, for example: Humble, teachable, meek, innocent and willing to be corrected.

Jesus said woe to a person who causes one of these little ones (or new believers) to stumble (or sin). As Christians we are called to be light and leaders for young people and new believers. We should never be the source of temptation or stumbling and if we are we should fear our fate as spoken of by Jesus.
True Christians will not be actively drawing people to sin, or causing one to stumble, and we should always check our motives and actions if in leadership roles.

Concerning the parable of the “Lost Sheep,” as Christians we should always be concerned about a person, or persons, who seem to be left out, or have wandered away. Lost sheep implies a believer who has backslidden or fallen away, and it would be our job, if we are modeling Jesus, to go after them and help them in any capacity we might have. Sometimes just letting them know that we care, or that we see them and their struggle as Jesus would might be enough to bring them back into the flock.

Concerning a believer (brother) who wrongs us Jesus says to act in the following order: 1) confront them privately; 2) if they do not listen then include two or more other believers as witnesses; 3) if they do not listen then take them before the church members; 4) if they still do not listen, they are to be removed from the congregation. All of this is to show mercy in an attempt to make a correction, otherwise like leaven, sin in the church will spread.

The next parable has to do with repentance, because if a brother is repentant then we are to always forgive – thus Jesus saying not seven times, but seventy times seven, implies – always forgive. Note: This does not mean that we are to continue to suffer abuse in a relationship, or accept a crime committed (we may need to leave that relationship or environment), but we, like Jesus can forgive and they can then move on (as Jesus would say, go and sin no more).

4. The religious leaders challenged Jesus, and their questions are timeless, and culture dependent, but the answers have not changed because God does not change, and His Word is always true and ultimately what is best for human flourishing.

Creation: When Jesus answered He uses the terms “He created” and “from the beginning” – these are terms that show us Jesus believed that God created in the beginning, and that there was a beginning of creation and not an evolutionary process. We know this to be true because Jesus is the Word and source of that creation (John 1:1-3).

Gender: Jesus says “God made them male and female.” This shows us that there are only two genders and that was God’s intention from the beginning and does not change over time.

Marriage: Jesus says “For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh.” He goes on to say “what God has joined together, let no man separate.”

Divorce was only allowed in the Law of Moses because of the sinful nature of humans. The Law shows us our sin and hardness of heart, it does not save us.

Jesus finishes by saying: “but from the beginning it has not been this way. And I say to you, whoever divorces his wife, except for immorality, and marries another woman commits adultery.” Jesus teaches us that the best way for us to live as humans is to follow God’s way and not the way of the ever-changing culture.

The rich young ruler, in questioning Jesus, wanted to know what he could do to obtain eternal life – Jesus told him to go and sell all his possessions, and he walked away because he was very wealthy – Two things this guy got wrong: First, there is nothing we can do to obtain eternal life (no human works), Jesus is the one who did it for us; second, he made the mistake of trusting in his wealth instead of God (note: Jesus was not saying that everyone should sell all their possessions, but He knew the heart of the man asking and therefore placed that particular decision in front of him – we all have things we hang on to instead of letting God have them).

Jesus also warned “that many who are first will be last; and the last, first.” The ultimate point Jesus is making is that we cannot make it to Heaven on our own, or by putting our own needs or selfish desires first. We must trust God, love others as ourselves and think of ourselves last in order to be first in the Kingdom of Heaven.

5. In the parable of The laborers, those who had come during the last hour received the same wage as those who had worked all, or most of the day. The later workers were fine as they received what was promised to them by the landowner, but the earlier workers were upset, thinking that they would receive more but did not, and “they grumbled at the landowner.”

As this relates to the promise of God for our salvation, some of us might be upset and grumble, like the earlier workers, when a person comes to the LORD late in life, or after committing horrible crimes, and receives the same salvation we have been given; we might even think we deserve more, but God, in His sovereignty, has the right to give to whoever He wants, whatever He wants, because He is our righteous and just Creator and all that exists belongs to Him!
In the same way, Jesus disciples argued over who would be greatest, or sit at Jesus right and left hands, but Jesus told them they would have to “drink the cup He was to drink,” meaning that they would have to be persecuted, tortured and ultimately die for their belief in Him – and He said that they surely would.
Jesus emphasized self-sacrifice, and putting others first, by telling them that “whoever wishes to become great among you must become your slave; just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give His life a ransom for many.” Jesus would later demonstrate this by washing all the disciples feet (John 13:5-9) at the Last Supper.

Going Deeper:

Son of David: The use of this term is a recognition of Jesus’ royalty through the line of King David. The blind men knew from what they had heard, that Jesus was the long-awaited Messiah. Jews knew that Jesus would be a descendant of David – See Isaiah 9:6-7; Jeremiah 23:5-6.

From gotquestions.org:

Son of Man is a title of humanity. Other titles for Christ, such as Son of God, are overt in their focus on His deity. Son of Man, in contrast, focuses on the humanity of Christ. God called the prophet Ezekiel “son of man” 93 times. In this way, God was simply calling Ezekiel a human being. Son of man is simply a periphrastic term for “human.” Jesus Christ was truly a human being. He came “in the flesh” (1 John 4:2).
Son of Man is a title of humility. The Second Person of the Trinity, eternal in nature, left heaven’s glory and took on human flesh, becoming the Son of Man, born in a manger and “despised and rejected by mankind” (Isaiah 53:3). The Son of Man had “no place to lay his head” (Luke 9:58). The Son of Man ate and drank with sinners (Matthew 11:19). The Son of Man suffered at the hands of men (Matthew 17:12). This intentional lowering of His status from King of Heaven to Son of Man is the epitome of humility (see Philippians 2:6–8).
Son of Man is a title of deity. Ezekiel may have been a son of man, but Jesus is the Son of Man. As such, Jesus is the supreme example of all that God intended mankind to be, the embodiment of truth and grace (John 1:14). In Him “all the fullness of the Deity lives in bodily form” (Colossians 2:9). For this reason, the Son of Man was able to forgive sins (Matthew 9:6). The Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath (Mark 2:28). The Son of Man came to save lives (Luke 9:56; 19:10), rise from the dead (Mark 9:9), and execute judgment (John 5:27). At His trial before the high priest, Jesus said, “I say to all of you: From now on you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven” (Matthew 26:64). This statement immediately ended the trial, as the court accused the Lord of blasphemy and condemned Him to death (verses 65–66).
Son of Man is a fulfillment of prophecy. Jesus’ claim before the high priest to be the Son of Man was a reference to the prophecy of Daniel 7:13–14, “I was watching in the night visions, And behold, One like the Son of Man, Coming with the clouds of heaven! He came to the Ancient of Days, And they brought Him near before Him. Then to Him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, That all peoples, nations, and languages should serve Him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion, Which shall not pass away, And His kingdom the one Which shall not be destroyed” (NKJV). Daniel saw glory, worship, and an everlasting kingdom given to the Messiah—here called the “Son of Man”—and Jesus applied this prophecy to Himself. Jesus also spoke of His coming kingdom on other occasions (Matthew 13:41; 16:28). The author of Hebrews used a reference to the “son of man” in the Psalms to teach that Jesus, the true Son of Man, will be the ruler of all things (Hebrews 2:5–9; cf. Psalm 8:4–6). The Son of Man, in fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy, will be the King.

Bible Study

Each week, we will have Bible study following the presentation. There will be questions presented here on the weekend, and basic answers will be posted during the week. This can also help you to make a leader’s guide for your own small group and future studies!

Always remember to pray before you study and ask the Holy Spirit to teach you and lead you into the truth found in God’s Word – pray for protection from the evil one who will try to discourage, distract and deceive us when we commit to growing closer to the LORD.

Note: Questions are taken directly from the chapters, and answers should be found and cited from the Scripture text in order to be Biblically accurate (unless asked to summarize in your own words). Study Bibles, commentaries and your own thoughts can be used for Discussion or Going Deeper questions. If you use these kinds of sources share them with your group.

1. Review of Class Topic: Before getting into the Bible study questions, discuss today’s class presentation by summarizing what you learned, commenting or asking any questions.

Read Matthew chapters 21 through 24, then answer the following questions:

2. (Matthew 21:1-22:14) In this section we find Jesus heading to Jerusalem in what is commonly known as the Passion Week and Triumphal Entry, and His persecution intensifies…

Cross-reference this important period of time (21:1-11) by reading the other Gospel Narratives about this event: Mark 11:1-11; Luke 19:28-44 and John 12:12-19. Summarize what happened and discuss this event with your group. Going Deeper: What Old Testament prophecies are referenced or fulfilled in this event?
This is the second time Jesus cleared the Temple (21:12-17). What was going on there and why did Jesus do this? What did the religious leaders say about the things He had done and by who’s authority; and how did Jesus respond (21:15-16 and 23-27)?
Going Deeper: Choose one of the three parables Jesus taught here (21:28-22:14) and discuss its meaning in detail with your group (include any Old Testament references you might come across).

3. (Matthew 22:15-40) In this chapter Jesus faces more intense questioning by the religious leaders as they try to trap Him, and He does not back down…

What question did the Pharisees ask and how did Jesus silence them (22:15-22)? Discuss: How might that apply to our thinking about government today?
What question did the Sadducees ask and how did Jesus silence them (22:23-33)? Going Deeper: What Old Testament references did Jesus use?
What question did both the Pharisees and Sadducees come together to ask Jesus, and how did Jesus answer them (22:34-40)? Going Deeper: What is the Old Testament cross-reference for Jesus’ answer and what titles are they both typically referred to?

4. (Matthew 22:41-23:36) In this section Jesus begins to push back and condemn the religious leaders…

What question did Jesus ask the religious leaders and how did they answer (22:41-46)? Going Deeper: What Old Testament passage did He use and what is the significance as it applies to who Jesus is?
Make a list of the things that Jesus warned the people about the religious leaders (23:1-12). Discuss: What did Jesus say about the importance of humility, and why is that important for us today (23:11-12)?
In this passage (23:13-36) Jesus pronounces a list of woes, condemning the religious leaders. How may woes are there? List a few that stand out to you, and why.

5. (Matthew 23:37-24:51) In this section Jesus grieves over Jerusalem and begins an important teaching on “End-Times” and His ultimate return…

As Jesus grieves over Jerusalem He heads to the Mount of Olives with His disciples. At this point His disciples ask Him: “When will these things happen, and what will be the sign of Your coming, and the end of the age?” Make a list of the things Jesus says will happen in advance and what He tells them to watch for (24:4-25).
What does Jesus then say will happen immediately leading up to His return, and at His return (24:26-35)?
What does Jesus specifically tell us about His return and how it compares to the days of Noah (12:36-41)? Discuss: Jesus ends this description with a warning (12:42-51): How should we be prepared for our LORD’s return (or our meeting the LORD before that time), and how it relates to a faithful versus an evil servant?

Join us next week as we continue our “Case for the Gospels!”

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You will not find this material in the public school curriculum even though it is based on solid evidence and grounded in research. It is ironic that following the evidence to where it leads stops at the door of our public schools as they will not let a “Divine footprint” in! Join us as we examine evidence for Christianity and learn how to become a thoughtful defender and ambassador of your faith.

Click into the resource page of this website to view many of the top Christian thinkers and apologists along with some of their work; connecting to these types of resources is essential in your Christian growth.

Please let me know what you think: Give feedback, ask questions or send concerns in the comment section of the blog.

Teri Dugan

TeriDugan@truthfaithandreason.com

1 Peter 3:15